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parataxis: parataxis

parataxis dependencies mark two different phenomena. Firstly, they are used with certain implicit coordinations. These coordinations are recognized by two factors: there is no coordinating conjunction, and the independent clauses are separated by a colon, semicolon or a dash. As with explicit coordinations, the first element is the governor. Also parenthetical and interjected clauses can receive the parataxis dependency. If there is a coordinating conjunction present (regardless of punctuation) or if the clauses are separated by merely a comma, the coordination type conj is used (differs from the UD).

Lapset leipoivat piparit ; äiti paistoi ne . \n The_children made the_cookies ; the_mother baked them .
nsubj(leipoivat-2, Lapset-1)
dobj(leipoivat-2, piparit-3)
punct(leipoivat-2, ;-4)
punct(leipoivat-2, .-8)
parataxis(leipoivat-2, paistoi-6)
nsubj(paistoi-6, äiti-5)
dobj(paistoi-6, ne-7)
Ilmoittakaa suoraan sähköpostilla ( palautelomakekin käy ) .
nmod(Ilmoittakaa-1, sähköpostilla-3)
advmod(sähköpostilla-3, suoraan-2)
punct(Ilmoittakaa-1, .-8)
parataxis(Ilmoittakaa-1, käy-6)
nsubj(käy-6, palautelomakekin-5)
punct(käy-6, (-4)
punct(käy-6, )-7)

parataxis is also used for direct speech. If the verb of saying (or thinking, etc.) precedes the utterance, it acts as the governor, and the main verb or predicative of the utterance is the dependent. However, if the utterance precedes the speech verb, the relation is reversed.

Mies sanoi : Tulen kotiin vasta myöhään . \n The_man said : I_will_come home only late .
nsubj(Mies-1, sanoi-2)
punct(sanoi-2, :-3)
nmod(Tulen-4, kotiin-5)
advmod(Tulen-4, myöhään-7)
advmod(myöhään-7, vasta-6)
parataxis(sanoi-2, Tulen-4)
punct(sanoi-2, .-8)
Tulen kotiin vasta myöhään , mies sanoi . \n I_will_come home only late , the_man said .
nmod(Tulen-1, kotiin-2)
advmod(Tulen-1, myöhään-4)
advmod(myöhään-4, vasta-3)
punct(Tulen-1, ,-5)
nsubj(sanoi-7, mies-6)
parataxis(Tulen-1, sanoi-7)
punct(Tulen-1, .-8)

Diffs

Turku Dependency Treebank

If the clauses are separated by a comma and there is no coordinating conjunction, TDT does not use parataxis but conj.


Treebank Statistics (UD_Finnish)

This relation is universal.

732 nodes (0%) are attached to their parents as parataxis.

728 instances of parataxis (99%) are left-to-right (parent precedes child). Average distance between parent and child is 10.301912568306.

The following 31 pairs of parts of speech are connected with parataxis: fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/VERB (387; 53% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/VERB (129; 18% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/VERB (50; 7% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/VERB (35; 5% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NOUN (35; 5% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/NOUN (19; 3% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/VERB (11; 2% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADJ (10; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADJ (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/NOUN (5; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/ADJ (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/ADJ-fi-pos/NOUN (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/INTJ-fi-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/ADV (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/PRON-fi-pos/VERB (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PROPN (4; 1% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/PRON (3; 0% instances), fi-pos/ADV-fi-pos/NOUN (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/PROPN (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/SYM (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/ADV (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/X-fi-pos/VERB (2; 0% instances), fi-pos/AUX-fi-pos/VERB (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/PRON (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/NOUN-fi-pos/X (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/PROPN-fi-pos/ADJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/INTJ (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/NUM (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/SYM (1; 0% instances), fi-pos/VERB-fi-pos/X (1; 0% instances).

# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 1	fgColor:white
# visual-style 1 5 parataxis	color:blue
1	Saat	saada	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=2|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	0	root	_	_
2	maistaa	maistaa	VERB	V	InfForm=1|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act	1	xcomp	_	SpaceAfter=No
3	,	,	PUNCT	Punct	_	1	punct	_	_
4	mies	mies	NOUN	N	Case=Nom|Number=Sing	5	nsubj	7:nsubj|8:nsubj	_
5	lupasi	luvata	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	1	parataxis	_	_
6	ja	ja	CONJ	C	_	5	cc	_	_
7	rupesi	ruveta	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	5	conj	_	_
8	penkomaan	penkoa	VERB	V	Case=Ill|InfForm=3|Number=Sing|VerbForm=Inf|Voice=Act	7	xcomp	_	_
9	kassiaan	kassi	NOUN	N	Case=Par|Number=Sing|Person[psor]=3	8	dobj	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	Punct	_	1	punct	_	_

# visual-style 10	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 10	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 4	fgColor:white
# visual-style 4 10 parataxis	color:blue
1	Se	se	PRON	Pron	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	4	nsubj:cop	_	_
2	on	olla	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	4	cop	_	_
3	oma	oma	ADJ	A	Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing	4	amod	_	_
4	vika	vika	NOUN	N	Case=Nom|Number=Sing	0	root	_	_
5	jos	jos	SCONJ	C	_	7	mark	_	_
6	on	olla	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	7	cop	_	_
7	yksinäinen	yksinäinen	ADJ	A	Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing	4	advcl	_	SpaceAfter=No
8	,	,	PUNCT	Punct	_	4	punct	_	_
9	hän	hän	PRON	Pron	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=3|PronType=Prs	10	nsubj	_	_
10	sanoo	sanoa	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	4	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
11	.	.	PUNCT	Punct	_	4	punct	_	_

# visual-style 9	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 9	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5	bgColor:blue
# visual-style 5	fgColor:white
# visual-style 5 9 parataxis	color:blue
1	-	-	PUNCT	Punct	_	5	punct	_	_
2	Eikö	ei	VERB	V	Clitic=Ko|Negative=Neg|Number=Sing|Person=3|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	5	neg	_	_
3	se	se	PRON	Pron	Case=Nom|Number=Sing|PronType=Dem	5	nsubj:cop	_	_
4	ole	olla	VERB	V	Connegative=Yes|Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin	5	cop	_	_
5	selvää	selvä	ADJ	A	Case=Par|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing	0	root	_	SpaceAfter=No
6	?	?	PUNCT	Punct	_	5	punct	_	_
7	parrakas	parrakas	ADJ	A	Case=Nom|Degree=Pos|Number=Sing	8	amod	_	_
8	ryöväri	ryöväri	NOUN	N	Case=Nom|Number=Sing	9	nsubj	_	_
9	ärähti	ärähtää	VERB	V	Mood=Ind|Number=Sing|Person=3|Tense=Past|VerbForm=Fin|Voice=Act	5	parataxis	_	SpaceAfter=No
10	.	.	PUNCT	Punct	_	5	punct	_	_


parataxis in other languages: [bg] [cs] [de] [el] [en] [es] [eu] [fa] [fi] [fr] [ga] [he] [hu] [it] [ja] [ko] [sv] [u]