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UD for Macedonian

Tokenization and Word Segmentation

• In general, words are delimited by whitespace characters.
• The numbers are analyzed as one token when used as expression without spaces (20000) or with an internal comma as indicator (10,434).

Morphology

Tags

• Macedonian uses 15 universal POS categories. It does not make use of (SYM) and (X).
• Negative particles are analyzed as (PART). Infinitive markers / complementizers да / da (“to, that”) are tagged as subordinating conjunctions (SCONJ).
• The pronoun (PRON) vs. determiner (DET) distinction is handled as follows:
  • as pronouns – personal and reflexive pronouns, and all entity-pointing other pronouns (demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite, collective, negative).
  • as determiners – the attributive and possessive atributive forms of the demonstrative, interrogative, relative, indefinite, collective, negative pronouns; the long forms of the possessive pronouns.
• Macedonian has just one auxiliary verb (AUX), сум / sum (“to be”), but the lemmas биде / bide, би / bi (“would”) are also possible.
• Modal verbs are analyzed as (VERB).
• The following POS are tagged as (ADJ): adjectives; ordinal numerals; partciples in adjectival usage adjectives derived from family names.
• The following POS are tagged as (VERB): personal and impersonal verbs; participles when used as verbal forms – indicators of evidentiality; and converbs.

Features

Nominal Features

• Nouns NOUN and PROPN]() have an inherent Gender feature with one of the three values: Masc, Fem or Neut.
• ADJ, DET, NUM, PART inflect for Gender and Number, and agree with nouns.
• Macedonian nominals (nouns, adjectives, ordinal numerals, attributively used participles) make use of the Definite feature. When the form has a definite suffix, it is marked as Def. When no definite suffix is attached, it is marked as Ind.

Degree and Polarity

• Degree is an inherent feature for adjectives (ADJ) and adverbs (ADV). It has one of three possible values: Pos, Cmp, Sup.
• Polarity has two values, Pos and Neg, and applies primarily to negative and affirmative particles PART.

Verbal Features

• Similarly to other Slavic languages, Macedonian verbs have as a lexically classifying feature Aspect, either imperfective (Imp) or perfective (Perf).
• Finite verbs always have one of three values of Mood: Ind, Imp or Cnd. The conditional mood is only used with the special conditional auxiliaries. The l-participle of the main verb, which is needed to form the analytic conditional, is not marked with this feature.
• Verbs in the indicative mood always have one of three values of Tense: Past, Imp and Pres. Fut is not used because this tense is always analytic and formed with a special particle.
• There are two values of the Voice feature: Act and Pass. Only the passive participle has Voice=Pass. All other verb forms have Voice=Act.

Pronouns, Determiners, Quantifiers

• PronType is used with pronouns (PRON), determiners (DET) and adverbs (ADV).
• NumType is used with numerals (NUM), adjectives (ADJ), determiners (DET) and adverbs (ADV).
• The Poss feature marks possessive personal determiners (e.g. мој / moj “my”), possessive interrogative, indefinite or negative determiners (e.g. чиј / čij “whose”), possessive relative determiners (e.g. чијто / čijto “whose”). It also marks the clitic personal pronouns Prs and reflexive pronouns.
• The Reflex feature marks reflexive pronouns (себе си, се, си) / sebe si, se, si and determiners (свој) / svoj “one’s own” and possesive clitic pronoun си / si.
• Person is a lexical feature of personal pronouns (PRON) and has three values, 1, 2 and 3.

Syntax

Core Arguments, Oblique Arguments and Adjuncts

• Nominal subject (nsubj) is a noun phrase in a nominative case, without a preposition.
• A finite subordinate clause can serve the role of a subject. In such a case it is labeled as clausal subject, csubj. There is no infinitive in Macedonian. The inheritant cosnstruction is finite – да дојдам / da dojdam “to come / that I come”.
• Objects can be bare noun phrases in the position of an accusative pronoun.
• Bare accusative, dative and prepositinal dative are considered core arguments (with the preposition на / na).
• All other prepositional objects are considered oblique obl.
• Accusative objects of some verbs alternate with finite clausal complements, which are labeled ccomp.
• If a verb subcategorizes for modal verbs or verbs of control, the infinitival complement is labeled xcomp.
• Adjuncts are usually prepositional phrases, but they can be bare noun phrases as well. They are labeled obl.
• In Macedonian there is the phenomenon of clitic doubling. Thus, when the short pronoun appears alone, it takes the role of obj or iobj. However, when the full-fledged pronoun or phrase is present, the short doubling pronoun is marked expl. Expletive expl is used also for the reflexive short pronouns when they are semantically empty and are part of the lexical verb. For example: се смеам / se smeam “I am laughing”.
• In Macedonian the copula cop is expressed by the auxiliary verb сум / sum “to be” and its synonyms that are semantically vacuous.
• In passive clauses (both reflexive and periphrastic passive), the subject is labeled with nsubj:pass or csubj:pass, respectively.
• The auxiliary verb in periphrastic passive is labeled aux:pass.

Other relations:

• In Macedonian the yes-no questions are formed with the question particle дали / dali. At the moment this particle is annotated with the discourse relation.

No used relations:

• compound, dislocated, clf, list, reparandum, orphan, dep

Treebanks

There is 1 Macedonian UD treebank:

• Macedonian-MTB

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